DC/DC resonant converters and power factor correction using resonant converters, and corresponding control methods

ABSTRACT

Various improvements are provided to resonant DC/DC and AC/DC converter circuit. The improvements are of particular interest for LLC circuits. Some examples relate to self-oscillating circuit and others relate to converter circuits with frequency control, for example for power factor correction, driven by an oscillator.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS

This application is the U.S. National Phase application under 35 U.S.C.§ 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2017/052734, filed on Feb.8, 2017, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No.16155498.5, filed on Feb. 12, 2015. These applications are herebyincorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the use of resonant power converters toprovide AC/DC conversion with power factor correction, or to provideDC/DC conversion. The invention relates in particular to the use of LLCconverters.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Converters which are in the form of so-called resonant converters have aresonant circuit, which can be a series or parallel resonant circuit.When configuring converters, one aim is to keep losses low. Resonantconverters which comprise an LLC resonant circuit having two inductancesand one capacitance are well-known. Such converters have the advantagethat energy-efficient operation with relatively low switching losses ispossible.

Resonant LLC converters are well known for use within LED drivers. Theconverters can be configured or operated as a constant current source ora constant voltage source. A constant current source can be used todrive an LED arrangement directly, thus enabling a single stage driver.Constant voltage sources can be used, for example, for LED modules whichhave further driver electronics in order to ensure a corresponding powersupply to the LEDs with a predetermined current from the output voltageprovided by the constant voltage source.

The LLC converter comprises a switching arrangement (called the inverterswitch) for controlling the conversion operation, and the switching iscontrolled using feedback or feedforward control, in order to generatethe required output.

Another function implement within a power converter which is suppliedwith mains (or other AC) power is power factor correction (PFC). Thepower factor of an AC electrical power system is defined as the ratio ofthe real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit.A power factor of less than one means that the voltage and currentwaveforms are not in phase, reducing the instantaneous product of thetwo waveforms. The real power is the capacity of the circuit forperforming work in a particular time. The apparent power is the productof the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in theload and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load thatdistorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source, theapparent power will be greater than the real power.

If a power supply is operating at a low power factor, a load will drawmore current for the same amount of useful power transferred than for ahigher power factor.

The power factor can be increased using power factor correction. Forlinear loads, this may involve the use of a passive network ofcapacitors or inductors. Non-linear loads typically require active powerfactor correction to counteract the distortion and raise the powerfactor. The power factor correction brings the power factor of the ACpower circuit closer to 1 by supplying reactive power of opposite sign,adding capacitors or inductors that act to cancel the inductive orcapacitive effects of the load.

Active PFC makes use of power electronics to change the waveform of thecurrent drawn by a load to improve the power factor. Active PFC circuitsmay for example be based on buck, boost or buck-boost switched modeconverter topologies. Active power factor correction can be single-stageor multi-stage.

In the case of a switched mode power supply, a PFC boost converter isfor example inserted between the bridge rectifier and the mains storagecapacitor. The boost converter attempts to maintain a constant DC busvoltage on its output while drawing a current that is always in phasewith and at the same frequency as the line voltage. Anotherswitched-mode converter inside the power supply produces the desiredoutput voltage or current from the DC bus.

Due to their very wide input voltage range, many power supplies withactive PFC can automatically adjust to operate on AC power for examplefrom about 110 V to 277V.

Power factor correction may be implemented in a dedicated power factorcorrection circuit (called a pre-regulator), for example placed betweenthe (mains) power supply and the switch mode power converter which thendrives the load. This forms a dual stage system, and this is the typicalconfiguration for high power LED applications (for example more than 25W). The power factor correction may instead be integrated into theswitch mode power converter, which then forms a single stage system.

In this case, there is a single resonant tank and switching arrangement,which then implements both power factor correction as well as control ofthe conversion ratio between the input and output in order to maintainthe desired output (current in the case of an LED driver) delivered tothe load.

Active power factor correction typically involves providing the inputcurrent and voltage waveforms to a controller so that their relativephase angle may be controlled by adjusting the load.

It has been proposed in US 2014/0091718 to use an LLC DC/DC converter,preceded by a rectifier, as a PFC circuit. The LLC resonant converter isfrequency controlled, for which an oscillator is used. The control valueof the feedback control system is the inverter's switching frequency.

Self-oscillating resonant converter circuit are also known which makeuse of internal components to form a resonant tank, and signal values(e.g. voltage levels which arise in the circuit) are used to implementswitching operations. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,729,830 discloses thecontrol of a resonant DC/DC converter in a self-oscillating manner, byusing threshold detection of states in the resonant tank in order todetermine the inverter switching times rather than employing anoscillator and frequency control.

LLC DC/DC converters are either operated at a DC supply voltage (e.g.48V in telecommunications or data center applications), or they are usedas the second stage of a mains power supply or two stage LED driver, inwhich the front end stage (the power factor correction pre-regulator)provides the power factor correction and also generates a stabilized busvoltage that forms the DC input voltage for the LLC.

Standard power factor pre-regulators with medium and low output powerare realized by buck, boost, buck-boost or flyback converters operatingin boundary conduction mode (or ‘critical conduction mode’). A flybackconverter is typically used if the converter has to be mains isolated.This operation mode is widely used in all kinds of commercial productswhich have to meet mains harmonic regulations. Typically, for thecontrol of these converters two concepts are used:

(i) Peak current mode control in combination with a multiplier of themains input voltage for providing a set-point of the mains inputcurrent. Here, the input current is closed-loop controlled and has to bemeasured by means of a current sensor.

(ii) Constant on-time operation of the inverter switch. This approachdoes not control the mains input current in a closed loop and thecontrol system is very simple to realize. This approach neither needs amultiplier to calculate a set point nor a current sensor. This approachis based on a constant on-time, and the mains input current is roughlyproportional to the mains voltage (under certain design and operationconditions).

This invention relates in some aspects to DC/DC resonant converterarchitectures and in other aspects to resonant LLC converters employedas an AC/DC converter implementing power factor correction (PFC).

An example of a resonant AC/DC converter is shown in FIG. 1. The LLCresonant circuit forms a PFC stage and may thus be used as a PFCpre-regulator by having a controlled output voltage. It could also beused as a single stage LED driver by having a controlled output current.

The circuit comprises a mains input 10 which is followed by a rectifierbridge 12 having a smoothing capacitor 14 at the output.

The converter comprises a primary-side circuit 16 and a secondary side18. There is electrical isolation between the primary-side circuit 16and the secondary side 18. A transformer comprising a primary coil 20and a secondary coil 22 is provided for the isolation. The transformerhas a magnetizing inductance 20 which also acts as one of theinductances of a series LLC resonant circuit. The LLC resonant circuithas a second inductance 24, and a capacitance (formed as two capacitors26 and 27 in this example).

In an LLC circuit, the inductances and capacitor may be in any seriesorder. The inductor may comprise discrete components or it may beimplemented as leakage inductances of the transformer.

The primary-side circuit 16 comprises a half-bridge having a first powerswitch 28 and a second power switch 30. The first switch and the secondswitch can be identical, and the half-bridge can be in the form of asymmetrical half-bridge. These switches can be in the form offield-effect transistors. The resonant LLC circuit is connected to anode between the two switches.

Each switch has its timing of operation controlled by its gate voltage(shown schematically as a voltage source). Feedback is used to determinethe timing of the control of the switches 28, 30.

During operation of the converter, a controller controls the switches,at a particular frequency and in complementary manner.

The circuit shown in FIG. 1 is thus an AC/DC PFC single stage converter,comprising an AC input 10, a rectifier 12, a half bridge invertercomprising a high side switch (the first power switch 28) and a low sideswitch (the second power switch 30), wherein an output is defined from anode between the switches. The self-oscillating LLC circuit 20,24,26,27is coupled to the output. A control circuit (not shown) is used forgenerating a gate drive signal for controlling the switching of the highside and low side switches. A high gate drive signal turns on one switchand turns off the other switch and a low gate drive signal turns off theone switch and turns on the other switch.

In one known approach, the primary-side circuit 16 detects a variablewhich indicates an average value over time of a current flowing in thecircuit, for example through the first or second switch. Informationabout the load is derived on the basis of the measured current in theprimary-side circuit. The measured current may have a directrelationship with the load.

The secondary side 18 has a rectifier which is connected downstream ofthe secondary coil 22 and which can be formed, for example, by a firstdiode arrangement 32 (of diodes 32 a and 32 b) and a second diodearrangement 34 (of diodes 34 a and 34 b). FIG. 1 shows a full-bridgerectifier and a single secondary coil which couples at its ends to therectifier circuit. Instead, a center of the secondary coil 22 may becoupled to an output of the secondary-side circuit. The ends of thesecondary coil 22 may then be coupled to the output via a half bridgerectifier with only two diodes. The storage capacitor 36 is connectedbetween the outputs of the rectifier. The LED load or other output stageis represented by a resistor. It comprises an LED or a plurality ofLEDs.

A control scheme is required to drive the switches 28, 30 into their on-and off-states such that the output voltage or current is regulated to acertain desired value or range of values and for a PFC circuit also toimplement power factor correction.

In order to exploit best the powertrain and to achieve the maximumefficiency, it is desired to operate the converter symmetrically (atleast at full load) and to load the transformer and the rectifier in thesecondary side equally. In the case of a transformer with center-tappedoutput windings that are symmetric in terms of turn-ratios and leakages,secondary side symmetry can be assured if the duty cycle of thehalf-bridge (i.e., its switch node) is kept at 50%.

There are basically four transitions that the control scheme musthandle:

1. Turn-on of the high-side MOSFET 28;

2. Turn-on of the low-side MOSFET 30;

3. Turn-off of the high-side MOSFET 28;

4. Turn-off of the low-side MOSFET 30.

There are several known schemes that may be used in order to achievethis.

A. Von-Voff is a control scheme where transition number 4 is initiatedwhen some state variable crosses a certain threshold voltage (Von).Following this, the control waits for a certain time (i.e., thedead-time) before starting transition 1. This dead-time ensures thatcross-conduction, or shoot-through, does not occur. The half-bridge isnow in the on-state. Eventually, either the same or a different statevariable will cross a second threshold (Voff), and transition number 3will be initiated. As with the transition to the half-bridge on-state,there will then be a dead-time before transition number 2 is initiated.The half-bridge is now in the off-state, and then the procedurecontinues from the beginning once more. The actual values of the twothresholds are determined by an outer control loop in order to yield thecorrect output. This is a Von-Voff scheme in that voltage thresholdcontrols the switching on and off.B. Von-Ton is a control scheme where transition number 4 is initiatedwhen some state variable crosses a certain threshold voltage (Von). Asin case A, the dead-time is allowed to pass before starting transitionnumber 1. Transition number 3 is initiated based on a certain timeinterval elapsing. This may be a fixed interval, or a controlledinterval. After the dead-time has then elapsed, transition number 2 isinitiated, and then the procedure continues from the beginning oncemore. The actual value of the voltage threshold is determined by anouter control loop in order to yield the correct output, and the timethreshold may be fixed or controlled dynamically. This is a Von-Tonscheme in that a voltage threshold controls the turning on (after a deadtime) and the time duration of the on period of the half bridge is thencontrolled.C. Voff-Toff is similar to case B, except that the voltage and timethresholds define the off and on transitions of the half-bridge,respectively. Transition number 3 is initiated when some state variablecrosses a certain threshold voltage (Voff). The dead-time is allowed topass before starting transition number 2. Transition number 4 isinitiated based on a certain time interval elapsing. After the dead-timehas then elapsed, transition number 1 is initiated, and then theprocedure continues from the beginning once more. As in case B, theactual value of the voltage threshold is determined by an outer controlloop in order to yield the correct output, and the time threshold may befixed or controlled dynamically. This is a Voff-Toff scheme in that avoltage threshold controls the turning off and the time duration of theoff period of the half bridge is controlled (i.e. between turning offthe high-side MOSFET and turning it on again after the time duration anddead-time).

In cases B and C, it is most often desirable to control the on (off)time such that it matches the off (on) time, i.e., it is usuallybeneficial to operate with a 50% duty cycle as mentioned above. In othercases, it is beneficial to operate with a defined duty cycle that isdifferent from 50% in order to enlarge the output voltage or currentwindow that the converter is capable of handling.

For threshold-based resonant converters (such as a self-oscillating LLCconverters), there is no oscillator present in the circuit.Threshold-based switching has a particular advantage with regards to thelinearity of the transfer function when using the converter to cover awide range of input and output operating conditions, such as in an LLCPFC for example, and frequency control is not feasible in such cases dueto extreme variations in the gain that cannot easily be handled.

This invention relates to improvements to the design and control ofresonant LLC converter circuits and in particular for use as PFCpre-regulator circuits, although some aspects also apply to DC/DCconverters, and some aspects also apply to single stage PFC drivers.Some aspects are also not limited to LLC circuits.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,685,041 discloses a self-oscillating power converterutilizing a MOSFET power transistor switch with its output electrodecoupled to a tuned network that operatively limits the voltage waveformacross the power switch to periodic unipolar pulses. The transistorswitch may be operated at a high radio frequency so that its drain togate interelectrode capacitance is sufficient to comprise the soleoscillatory sustaining feedback path of the converter. A reactivenetwork which is inductive at the operating frequency couples the gateto source electrodes of the transistor switch and includes a variablecapacitance as a means of adjusting the overall reactance, and hence theconverter's switching frequency in order to provide voltage regulation.A resonant rectifier includes a tuned circuit to shape the voltagewaveform across the rectifying diodes as a time inverse of the powerswitch waveform. The input resistance of the rectifier is controlled sothat it is invariant to frequency change within the switching frequencyrange of the converter but inversely proportional to the loadresistance.

US 2013/0010502 discloses a switching regulator related to aspects ofthe invention that can include an auxiliary winding for monitoring thevoltage across the primary winding of a transformer, a differentiationdetecting circuit that detects the timing of reversal start or reversalend of the signal detected by the auxiliary winding and a dead timeadjusting circuit that receives a signal to trigger turn OFF of a switchor a switch and, after passing a predetermined delay time from thedetection of the signal, generates a signal to trigger turn ON of theswitch or the switch. The differentiation detecting circuit can confirmcurrent transfer between body diodes. The dead time adjusting circuitcan adjust a dead time to deliver the signal after a predetermined timefrom the confirmation of the current transfer. In some aspects of theinvention, occurrence of hard switching and short-circuit current can besuppressed.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,019,725 discloses a control device for a resonantconverter. The converter comprises a switching circuit adapted to drivea resonant circuit that includes at least one capacitor. The converteris adapted to convert an input signal into an output signal and theswitching circuit includes at least a half bridge of first and secondswitches, the central point of said half bridge being connected to theresonant circuit. The control device comprises a controller adapted togenerate at least a control signal of the switching circuit by comparinga signal representative of the energy of the resonant circuit with atleast another signal.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is defined by the claims.

According to a first set of examples there is provided an AC/DC PFCsingle stage converter, comprising:

an AC input;

a rectifier;

a half bridge inverter comprising a high side switch and a low sideswitch, wherein an output is defined from a node between the switches;

a self-oscillating LLC circuit coupled to the output, wherein anelectrical feedback parameter is provided by the LLC circuit; and

a control circuit for generating a gate drive signal for controlling theswitching of the high side and low side switches in dependence on theelectrical feedback parameter, wherein a high gate drive signal turns onone switch and turns off the other switch and a low gate drive signalturns off the one switch and turns on the other switch,

wherein the control circuit comprises an outer control loop for settinga threshold level for the electrical feedback parameter in dependence onthe converter output voltage or current and the rectified input voltageand current, and an inner control loop for comparing the electricalfeedback parameter with the threshold to derive the gate drive signal,

wherein the inner control loop comprises a comparator for comparing theelectrical feedback parameter with the threshold and a flip flop forgenerating the gate drive signal.

This aspect provides a single stage circuit which implements PFC basedon measurement of the input current and voltage, and which appliesthreshold control to control the switching of the half bridge inverter.

In one example, the comparator output is provided to the reset input ofthe flip flop and the set input is provided by a delay element. Thisenables a single threshold to be used to control the self-oscillation.The delay element may provide a delay which is triggered by the resetinput.

In another example, the control circuit is adapted to set a firstthreshold of the electrical feedback parameter for turning on the gatedrive signal and a second threshold of the electrical feedback parameterfor turning off the gate drive signal

This approach avoids the need for a balancing controller to complete thetiming control, as is required for control based on a single threshold.

This set of examples also provides a single stage PFC AC/DC conversionmethod, comprising:

rectifying an AC input;

operating a half bridge inverter comprising a high side switch and a lowside switch using a gate drive signal and providing an output from anode between the switches, wherein a high gate drive signal turns on oneswitch and turns off the other switch and a low gate drive signal turnsoff the one switch and turns on the other switch;

providing an electrical feedback parameter from a self-oscillating LLCcircuit coupled to the output; and

controlling the switching of the high side and low side switches basedon the electrical feedback parameter by:

-   -   using an outer control loop for setting a threshold level for        the electrical feedback parameter in dependence on the converter        output voltage or current and the rectified input voltage and        current; and    -   using an inner control loop to compare the electrical feedback        parameter with the threshold to derive the gate drive signal,        and generating the gate drive signal using a flip flop.

A first threshold of the electrical feedback parameter for turning onthe gate drive signal may be used and a second threshold of theelectrical feedback parameter for turning off the gate drive signal maybe used.

According to a second set of examples there is provided an AC/DC PFCconverter, comprising:

an AC input;

a rectifier;

a half bridge inverter comprising a high side switch and a low sideswitch, wherein an output is defined from a node between the switches;

a self-oscillating LLC circuit coupled to the output, wherein anelectrical feedback parameter is provided by the LLC circuit;

a control circuit for generating a gate drive signal for controlling theswitching of the high side and low side switches in dependence on theelectrical feedback parameter, wherein a high gate drive signal turns onone switch and turns off the other switch and a low gate drive signalturns off the one switch and turns on the other switch, wherein thecontrol circuit is for:

-   -   determining a value relating to a first time duration        corresponding to an on-time or an off-time of the high side        switch or the low side switch as determined by the electrical        feedback parameter, and    -   defining a second time duration for setting the subsequent        off-time or on-time, respectively.

This arrangement enables a single feedback parameter to be used todefine the on-time (or off-time) of the switch arrangement, and withcontrol of the duty cycle.

The time duration resulting from the threshold control is measured, andthis time duration (or multiple previous time durations) is used todetermine the duration of the next phase of the control cycle, Thecontrol circuit may for example generate a signal that represents a(moving) average of the preceding durations (e.g. from the past 5 to 100cycles).

In this way, one switching transition reacts directly to a thresholdwhereas the other is subject of an inner control which has a set point(e.g. 50%), a means to detect the error to the set point, an errorintegrator and way to control the duration.

Thus, in one example, an integrator may be used to integrate firstconstant value until the electrical feedback parameter reaches athreshold value, and then integrate a second constant value of oppositesign.

This provides an analogue solution for the timing control, in which anintegrator is used to measure the time duration, by integrating aconstant value. To set the corresponding on-time or off time of theother switch, an opposite sign signal is integrated in order to define asecond time duration. The duty cycle can be accurately set to 50% inthis way, in that the duty cycle itself can be used to set the timeperiods, by suitable selection of the constant values to be integrated.

The constant values for example are derived from the gate drive signal.This gate drive signal alternates between two values—one of which ispositive compared to a reference and the other of which is negativecompared to the reference, thereby defining the first and secondconstant values.

The integrator may thus have a reference input set to a fixed voltagewithin the range of the gate drive signal. This determines the switchinginstants of the integrator, and it enables any desired duty cycle to beset.

The integrator may have the reference input set to the mid-point of thegate drive signal. This enables a 50% duty cycle to be set as mentionedabove.

The converter may further comprise an RC output filter at the output ofthe integrator.

The integrator component values may be used to set a low-frequency cutoff of the bandwidth of operation, and the RC output filter may be usedto set a high-frequency cut off.

The converter may further comprise a shorting transistor at the outputof the RC output filter, which is turned on when the integrator outputis a falling slope and is turned off when the integrator output is arising slope. This means the output of the control circuit can beprovided as a pulse when the correct timing (for the desired duty cycle)has been reached.

This set of examples also provides an AC/DC PFC conversion method,comprising:

rectifying an AC input;

operating a half bridge inverter comprising a high side switch and a lowside switch using a gate drive signal and providing an output from anode between the switches, wherein a high gate drive signal turns on oneswitch and turns off the other switch and a low gate drive signal turnsoff the one switch and turns on the other switch;

providing an electrical feedback parameter from a self-oscillating LLCcircuit coupled to the output, wherein an electrical feedback parameteris provided by the LLC circuit;

controlling the switching of the high side and low side switches by:

-   -   determining a value relating to a first time duration        corresponding to an on-time or an off-time of the high side        switch or the low side switch as determined by the electrical        feedback parameter, and    -   defining a second time duration for setting the subsequent        off-time or on-time, respectively.

The method may comprise:

-   -   integrating a first constant value until the electrical feedback        parameter reaches a threshold value; and    -   integrating a second constant value of opposite sign to the        first constant value define a second time duration for setting        the subsequent off-time or on-time, respectively.

The constant values may be derived from the gate drive signal and themethod may comprise setting an integrator reference input to a fixedvoltage within the range of the gate drive signal.

According to a third set of examples there is provided a converter,comprising:

a half bridge inverter comprising a high side switch and a low sideswitch, wherein an output is defined from a node between the switches;

a self-oscillating circuit coupled to the output, wherein an electricalfeedback parameter is provided by the circuit;

a control circuit for generating a gate drive signal for controlling theswitching of the high side and low side switches in dependence on theelectrical feedback parameter, wherein a high gate drive signal turns onone switch and turns off the other switch and a low gate drive signalturns off the one switch and turns on the other switch, wherein thecontrol circuit comprises:

-   -   a detecting circuit for detecting a slope of the electrical        feedback parameter; and    -   a circuit for disabling the electrical feedback parameter in        dependence on the slope of the electrical feedback parameter and        the level of the gate drive signal.

In this circuit, an electrical feedback parameter is used as a controlvariable. When a threshold is reached, the control circuit may disablethe feedback parameter. In this way, the feedback parameter no longercontrols the switching function. This enables the electrical feedbackparameter to increase beyond the threshold without unwanted falsetriggering being caused. The disabling may be considered to be ablanking operation, by which the feedback parameter is only sensed whenthe slope has the correct sign and the gate drive signal has the correctvalue. In this way, the threshold is used when the feedback parameter isapproaching that threshold level and it is not used at other times whenfalse triggers are likely.

The self-oscillating circuit preferably comprises an LLC circuit and theelectrical feedback parameter comprises a voltage across a capacitor ofthe LLC circuit.

The circuit for disabling may comprise a shorting circuit for shortingthe sensed electrical feedback parameter to a reference potential. Thisrenders the threshold control inactive.

In one example, the detecting circuit may comprise a bipolar transistorhaving its base connected to one terminal of an integrating capacitor,with the other terminal of the integrating capacitor connected to thefeedback electrical signal, such that the base current is dependent onthe slope of the voltage applied the integrating capacitor, such that inone mode the bipolar transistor is open circuit and in another mode itperforms a pull up or pull down function.

In another example, the detecting circuit may comprise a buffer circuithaving its input connected to one terminal of an integrating capacitorand to a diode arrangement, with the other terminal of the integratingcapacitor connected to the feedback electrical signal, arranged suchthat a direction of current flow through the diode arrangement isdependent on the slope of the voltage applied to the integratingcapacitor, such that in one mode the input to the buffer is pulled downand in another mode the input to the buffer is pulled up.

There are thus different ways to implement detection of the slope of thefeedback parameter.

A logic arrangement may be provided for implementing an OR functionbetween the slope of the electrical feedback parameter and the level ofthe gate drive signal.

An AC/DC PFC converter may comprise an AC input, a rectifier and aconverter as defined above having as its input the output of therectifier.

This set of examples also provides a conversion method, comprising:

operating a half bridge inverter comprising a high side switch and a lowside switch using a gate drive signal and providing an output from anode between the switches, wherein a high gate drive signal turns on oneswitch and turns off the other and a low gate drive signal turns off theone switch and turns on the other switch;

providing an electrical feedback parameter from a self-oscillatingcircuit coupled to the output;

controlling the switching of the high side and low side switches independence on the electrical feedback parameter, by:

-   -   detecting a slope of the electrical feedback parameter; and    -   disabling the electrical feedback parameter in dependence on the        slope of the electrical feedback parameter and the level of the        gate drive signal.

The disabling may comprise shorting the sensed electrical feedbackparameter to a reference potential. The detecting may comprisecontrolling the base current of a bipolar transistor in dependence onthe slope of the voltage applied to an integrating capacitor at the baseof the bipolar transistor such that in one mode the bipolar transistoris open circuit and in another mode it performs a pull up or pull downfunction; or controlling a direction of current flow through a diodearrangement in dependence on the slope of the voltage applied to anintegrating capacitor, such that in one mode an input to a buffer ispulled down and in another mode the input to the buffer is pulled up.

According to a fourth set of examples there is provided an AC/DC PFCconverter, comprising:

an AC input;

a rectifier;

a half bridge inverter comprising a high side switch and a low sideswitch, wherein an output is defined from a node between the switches;

an LLC circuit coupled to the output, wherein a voltage across acapacitor of the LLC circuit is provided as an electrical feedbackparameter, wherein the electrical feedback parameter is representativeof the input current; and

a control circuit for generating a gate drive signal for controlling theswitching of the high side and low side switches in dependence on theelectrical feedback parameter, wherein a high gate drive signal turns onone switch and turns off the other switch and a low gate drive signalturns off the one switch and turns on the other switch,

wherein the control circuit comprises an outer control loop for settinga threshold level for the electrical feedback parameter in dependence onthe converter output voltage or current and the rectified input voltage,without measurement of the input current, and an inner control loop forcomparing the electrical feedback parameter with the threshold to derivethe gate drive signal and to provide power factor correction.

This arrangement avoids the need to use a measured input current as aninput to the control circuit, by using the electrical parameter from theLLC circuit to represent the input current. The desired PFC function isstill able to give a virtually resistive input impedance.

The measurement of current is replaced with a more simple voltagemeasurement. This also eases the use of standard boost PFC controllerintegrated circuits.

The circuit may be a pre-regulator stage (to be followed by a DC/DCconverter) or it may be implemented within a single stage driver. TheLLC circuit may be self-oscillating or the half bridge inverter may becontrolled by an oscillator.

The inner control loop is preferably for comparing the voltage acrossthe capacitor of an LLC resonant circuit with the threshold at aswitching instant of the gate drive signal. The circuit can be designedso that the input current is virtually proportional to the voltageacross the LLC capacitor at the switching instants.

In one example, the inner control loop comprises an oscillator, and theinner control loop controls the oscillation frequency. This provideswell-known frequency control for an LLC converter.

In another example, the inner control loop comprises a latch, whereinthe timing of the latch switching is dependent on the electricalfeedback parameter. This provides a self-resonant switching operation.

The latch may then comprise a flip flop, wherein one of the set andreset timings is controlled in dependence on the electrical feedbackparameter and the other of the set and reset timings is controlled basedon a fixed delay.

A correction unit may be provided for modifying the relationship betweenthe threshold level for the electrical feedback parameter and therectified input voltage to the circuit. This enables a power factorcloser to unity to be obtained, and hence a lower total harmonicdistortion.

The correction unit may be for:

modifying the threshold level for the electrical feedback parameter independence on the input voltage before the threshold level is comparedwith the electrical feedback parameter;

modifying the rectified input voltage before supplying it to the outercontrol loop; or

modifying the measured electrical feedback parameter before comparing itwith the threshold.

These are alternative ways to implement a change to the relationshipbetween the threshold level and the rectified input voltage. Therelationship between the threshold level for the electrical feedbackparameter and the rectified input voltage to the circuit for examplecomprises a function with the same ratio between the threshold level andthe input voltage for the minimum and maximum rectified input voltage,and a larger ratio for a mid-range rectified input voltage. This meansthe relationship deviates from a linear relationship, in particular inthe mid-range voltage values.

This set of examples also provides an AC/DC PFC conversion method,comprising:

rectifying an AC input;

operating a half bridge inverter comprising a high side switch and a lowside switch using a gate drive signal and providing an output from anode between the switches, wherein a high gate drive signal turns on oneswitch and turns off the other and a low gate drive signal turns off theone switch and turns on the other switch;

providing a voltage across a capacitor of an LLC circuit as anelectrical feedback parameter which is representative of the inputcurrent;

controlling the switching of the high side and low side switches independence on the electrical feedback parameter, by:

-   -   setting a threshold level for the electrical feedback parameter        in an outer control loop in dependence on the converter output        voltage or current and the rectified input voltage without        measurement of the input current; and    -   comparing the electrical feedback parameter with the threshold        in an inner control loop to derive the gate drive signal.

The method may comprise, in the inner control loop, comparing thevoltage across the capacitor with the threshold at a switching instantof the gate drive signal. The inner control loop may be used to controlan oscillator and thereby control the oscillation frequency of the gatedrive signal. Alternatively, the inner control loop may be used tocontrol the timing of the switching of a flip flop, by controlling oneof the set and reset timings in dependence on the electrical feedbackparameter and by controlling the other of the set and reset timingsbased on a fixed delay.

According to a fifth set of examples there is provided a converter,comprising:

a half bridge inverter comprising a high side switch and a low sideswitch, wherein an output is defined from a node between the switches;

an LLC circuit coupled to the output, wherein an electrical feedbackparameter is provided by the LLC circuit;

a control circuit for generating a gate drive signal for controlling theswitching of the high side and low side switches in dependence on theelectrical feedback parameter, wherein a high gate drive signal turns onone switch and turns off the other switch and a low gate drive signalturns off the one switch and turns on the other switch,

wherein the control circuit comprises an outer control loop for settinga threshold level in dependence on at least the converter output voltageor current, and an inner control loop comprising an oscillator forgenerating the gate drive signal, wherein the oscillator frequency iscontrolled by the inner control loop in dependence on the thresholdlevel and on the electrical feedback parameter.

This arrangement makes use of an electrical parameter from the LLCcircuit to supplement the oscillator control of the half bridge. Theelectrical parameter is used as the controlled (manipulated) variable.This provides a hybrid control approach, which makes use of anoscillator as well as feedback from the LLC circuit. This enables a morestable control, which does not suffer from false triggers or missingtriggers. It functions as a time average threshold control approach. Thecircuit may be a pre-regulator PFC stage (to be followed by a DC/DCconverter) or it may be implemented within a single stage driver, or itmay be used in a DC/DC converter.

When used in a PFC circuit, the threshold level may be set based on ameasurement of the input voltage and current. Alternatively, the inputcurrent may be represented by the voltage across a capacitor of the LLCcircuit as in the fourth set of examples above.

In one set of examples, the threshold level is an input currentthreshold level, and the inner control loop comprises an integrator forintegrating an input current error, wherein the oscillator is controlledin dependence on the integrated current error and the electricalfeedback parameter. This combines input current control with controlusing electrical signals within the LLC tank.

In another set of examples, the threshold level is a threshold level forthe electrical feedback parameter, and the inner control loop comprisesa phase detector for detecting a phase difference between a signalhaving timing dependent on the threshold level and the electricalfeedback parameter. This example makes use of the electrical feedbackparameter both for threshold control for the outer control loop (whichcontrols the output voltage or current) and for the inner control loop(which controls the PFC).

In this way, the electrical feedback parameter (e.g. the LLC capacitorvoltage) is used as the control (or manipulating) value that controlsthe level of power that is instantly converted, as also in the example sabove. A PFC application uses two cascaded control loops and a DC/DCconverter uses only one.

The VCO and phase detector implements a further inner control loop sothat the switching is not immediately (or directly) performed inresponse to the threshold detection, as happens in the second aspectabove.

For example, the inner control loop may then comprise an integrator forintegrating a phase error, wherein the oscillator is controlled independence on the integrated phase error. The inner control loop maythen comprise a triangular signal generator for converting theoscillator control signal into a triangular waveform with timingdetermined by feedback of the gate drive signal. This enables a dutycycle to be controlled based on the switching thresholds applied to thetriangular signal.

The oscillator may comprise circuitry for implementing duty cyclemodification in dependence on the output load.

This set of examples also provides a conversion method, comprising:

operating a half bridge inverter comprising a high side switch and a lowside switch using a gate drive signal and providing an output from anode between the switches, wherein a high gate drive signal turns on oneswitch and turns off the other switch and a low gate drive signal turnsoff the one switch and turns on the other switch;

providing an electrical feedback parameter from an LLC circuit coupledto the output; and

controlling the switching of the high side and low side switches independence on the electrical feedback parameter, by:

-   -   setting a threshold level in dependence on at least the        converter output voltage or current in an outer control loop;        and    -   in an inner control loop which comprises an oscillator for        generating the gate drive signal, setting an oscillator        frequency in dependence on the threshold level and on the        electrical feedback parameter.

This provides a time average threshold control method as explainedabove. The threshold level may be an input current threshold level, andthe inner control loop comprises an integrator for integrating an inputcurrent error, wherein the method comprises controlling the oscillatorin dependence on the integrated current error and the electricalfeedback parameter. Alternatively, the threshold level may be athreshold level for the electrical feedback parameter, and the methodcomprises, in the inner control loop, detecting a phase differencebetween a signal having timing dependent on the threshold level and theelectrical feedback parameter.

According to a sixth set of examples there is provided an AC/DC PFCconverter, comprising:

an AC input;

a rectifier;

a half bridge inverter comprising a first switch and a second switch,wherein an output is defined from a node between the switches;

a self-oscillating resonant circuit coupled to the output providing anelectrical feedback parameter; and

a control circuit for generating a gate drive signal for controlling theswitching of the first switch and the second switch in dependence on theelectrical feedback parameter in order to control the converter outputvoltage or current, wherein a high gate drive signal turns on one switchand turns off the other switch and a low gate drive signal turns off theone switch and turns on the other switch, wherein the control circuitcomprises:

-   -   an input for receiving a threshold value for the electrical        feedback parameter;    -   an output circuit for generating the gate drive signal based on        a comparison of the electrical feedback parameter with the        threshold; and    -   a timeout circuit arranged to provide a restart signal for        restarting switching of the gate drive signal if a sufficiently        long time since the last switching of the gate drive signal has        elapsed.

This arrangement enables the required self-oscillation of the gate drivesignal to be restarted if there is an interruption to the signaloscillation.

The control circuit may comprise an integrator for integrating an errorin the desired converter output voltage or current to derive acomparison signal. This comparison signal will only reach a threshold ifthe oscillation has stopped.

The integrator for example comprises an amplifier with a capacitor in anegative feedback path, and the timeout circuit comprises a switch forshorting the capacitor.

The comparison signal then ramps above the threshold as the slowintegration time constant is removed.

The timeout circuit may comprise a detector for detecting transitions inthe gate drive signal and for closing the switch in the absence oftransitions in the gate drive signal.

The restart signal may be provided repeatedly during light loadoperation. This provides a form of burst mode operation.

This set of examples also provides an AC/DC PFC conversion method,comprising:

rectifying an AC input;

operating a half bridge inverter comprising a first switch and a secondswitch using a gate drive signal and providing an output from a nodebetween the switches, wherein a high gate drive signal turns on oneswitch and turns off the other and a low gate drive signal turns off theone switch and turns on the other switch;

providing an electrical feedback parameter from a self-oscillatingresonant circuit coupled to the output; and

controlling the switching of the first switch and the second switch by:

-   -   receiving a threshold value for the electrical feedback        parameter;    -   generating the gate drive signal based on a comparison of the        electrical feedback parameter with the threshold; and    -   providing a restart signal for restarting switching of the gate        drive signal if a sufficiently long time since the last        switching of the gate drive signal has elapsed.

The method may comprise integrating an error in the desired converteroutput voltage or current to derive a comparison signal and whereinoverriding the threshold comprises shorting the capacitor. Overridingthe threshold may then comprise detecting transitions in the gate drivesignal and closing the switch in the absence of transitions in the gatedrive signal. The method is used in a self-oscillating control scheme,for example including an error integrator. In the case of an analogimplementation, this uses a feedback capacitor. However, for a digitalimplementation, the overriding function may be implemented by resettinga digital error integrator.

In all examples above, the electrical feedback parameter may comprise avoltage across a capacitor of the LLC circuit. Alternatively, thetransformer voltage, or the transformer input current can also be used.

In all examples, the AC/DC converter may be used to implement powerfactor correction. Other than where specified to be a single stageconverter, it may comprise a pre-regulator which provides a regulatedPFC output voltage, which is then for example provided to another stage,for example to form a dual stage converter. However, it may instead beused as a single stage converter, in which case the output may comprisea regulated current, for example for driving an LED load.

In all examples, a transformer may be provided between the resonantcircuit (e.g. LLC circuit) and the output load. A lighting apparatus maythen comprise an LED arrangement of one or more LEDs and the AC/DC PFCconverter (either as a single stage driver or as the first stage of adual stage driver), and the LED arrangement comprises the ultimateoutput load.

An LED driving method comprises providing the AC/DC PFC conversion anddriving an LED load using the converted DC voltage. The LED load may bedriven directly, for example with output current control, or it may bedriven through another DC/DC converter stage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Examples of the invention will now be described in detail with referenceto the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows an example of a resonant AC/DC converter which forms a PFCstage;

FIG. 2 shows the voltage gain with respect to the normalized switchingfrequency for different powers;

FIG. 3 shows the mains current versus the normalized switching frequencyfor different input AC voltage levels;

FIG. 4 shows the general task of a power factor correction required byan LLC converter;

FIG. 5 shows how the gain ratio problem can be relaxed if instead of theswitching frequency a threshold for an LLC state variable is used;

FIG. 6 shows an example of AC/DC LLC converter circuit;

FIG. 7 shows the controller in FIG. 6 in more detail for a singlethreshold voltage implementation;

FIG. 8 shows a circuit for controlling the on-transition of ahalf-bridge in a Voff-Toff control scheme;

FIG. 9 shows the output of the integrator in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 shows the operating range for the circuit of FIG. 8 for acertain set of parameter values;

FIG. 11 shows waveforms to show unwanted, false triggering in thedetection circuitry;

FIG. 12 shows a circuit with a blanking function to address the problemof false triggering;

FIG. 13 shows the circuit operation for the circuit of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 shows an alternative embodiment to the circuit of FIG. 12 whichuses a buffer;

FIG. 15 shows an LLC power converter connected to the rectified mains,and designed to deliver a high power factor without measurement of theinput current;

FIG. 16 shows the structure of a first PFC control that uses the LLCconverter of FIG. 18 in a first known manner, namely using the frequencyas the manipulating variable and feeding back the mains current.

FIG. 17 shows an approach which uses frequency control but controls theresonant capacitor switching voltage to be proportional to the mainsvoltage;

FIG. 18 shows a control implementation including the known approach offeeding back the mains input current but using the capacitor voltage ofa self-oscillating LLC;

FIG. 19 shows an approach that combines the use of the capacitor voltageas the reference signal and self-oscillating switching as used in FIG.21;

FIG. 20 shows the capacitor voltage and the threshold voltages;

FIGS. 21 to 23 show mains current waveforms of a design resulting fromthe control of FIG. 17 or 19 as well as the set point for the resonantcapacitor voltage;

FIG. 24 shows a modification to the control scheme of FIG. 19, having acorrection block;

FIG. 25 shows an alternative modification to the control scheme of FIG.17, having a correction block;

FIG. 26 shows an alternative modification to the control scheme of FIG.19 having a correction block;

FIGS. 27 and 28 show the mains current waveforms of a design resultingfrom the control of FIG. 17 or 19 as modified using the correctionapproach together with the modifications implemented by the correctionfunctions;

FIG. 29 shows an approach based on average threshold control;

FIG. 30 shows an implementation that uses a modified VCO drive signal toimplement the approach of FIG. 29;

FIG. 31 shows a possible set-up of the phase detector used in FIG. 30;

FIGS. 32 and 33 show timing diagrams to explain the operation of thecircuits of FIGS. 29 to 31;

FIGS. 34 and 35 show waveforms for high voltage and part load operation;and

FIG. 36 shows a timeout control circuit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The invention provides various improvements to resonant DC/DC and AC/DCconverter circuits, and is of particular interest for LLC circuits whichimplement power factor correction. Some examples relate toself-oscillating circuits and others relate to converter circuits withfrequency control driven by an oscillator.

A first aspect relates to the use of an LLC resonant converter circuitas a AC/DC converter, and thus functioning as a front end PFC circuit.

The front end PFC application of an LLC converter poses several problemsfor the feedback control of the inverter switch arrangement, whichcannot be mastered by the conventional frequency control approach. Thismainly has to do with the high gain ratio requirements. The gain ratiois the ratio between the maximum and the minimum gain.

FIG. 2 shows the voltage gain versus the normalized switching frequencyfor different output powers and FIG. 3 shows the mains input currentversus the normalized switching frequency for different input AC voltagelevels.

Problems which arise are:

(i) The extremely high variation of the input current vs. frequencygain, d(im)/d(fs), which can vary over two to three orders of magnitude,compared to the typically less than one order of magnitude gainvariation that the LLC control has to cover in case of an LED driveroutput stage, when controlling the output current. FIG. 2 shows themains input current versus the switching frequency for unity powerfactor operation. This plot would correspond to the LLC transferfunction if the switching frequency was the manipulating variable. Thistransfer function varies over a too wide range for using the frequencyas the control variable. The gain range further increases if the AC/DCstage has to cover the ‘Intellivolt’ mains range (108V<V(AC)<305V).(ii) Setting a minimum frequency in the conventional manner is notpossible, which usually sets a maximum power, because unlike theconventional set-up, the minimum frequency does not correspond to themaximum but to the minimum load, as shown in FIG. 3.(iii) These issues also render impractical the capacitive modeprotection that typically comes with LLC frequency control and whichrequires the setting of a minimum current prior to the switching event,and where the highest load is expected at the lowest frequency.

FIG. 4 shows the general task of a power factor correction functionrequired by the LLC converter. The left image shows the normalized mainsvoltage versus the phase angle, and the right image shows the normalizedinverse gain versus the switching frequency.

At a low mains signal (at phase angle t1) a high gain is required (i.e.,a low inverse gain (Vmains/Vo) as depicted in right image. The loadhowever is low since for unity power factor, the load is proportional tothe square of the input voltage. As a result, the LLC converter isrunning a light load with an extremely high gain and thus at its minimumswitching frequency (fs1).

When approaching a high mains signal (at phase angle t6) the LLCconverter operates at peak load. At this load it is only able to cover asmall gain range around the low end of the range. Therefore, the LLC isrunning at its highest switching frequency (fs6).

FIG. 5 shows how the gain ratio problem can be relaxed if instead of theswitching frequency a threshold for an LLC state variable is used as themanipulating variable for controlling the input current. FIG. 5 showsthe mains current versus a threshold switching voltage for three mainsAC input voltages (108V, 230V, 305V).

The threshold voltage in this case is the capacitor voltage vC acrossthe capacitor of the LLC tank. Alternatively, the transformer voltage,or the transformer input current can also be used.

FIG. 6 shows the AC/DC LLC converter circuit.

As in FIG. 1, the circuit has an AC mains input 10 followed by arectifier 12. The switches 28, 30 of the half bridge inverter arecontrolled by a gate driver 60 which is controlled by a controller 62.The controller outputs a gate drive signal GS.

The controller is provided with a threshold value which in this exampleis the threshold (or reference) capacitor voltage vC_ref. The controller62 receives the measured quantity i.e., the actual resonant capacitorvoltage vC, and processes the switching scheme for the gate driver 60that in turn controls the inverter 28, 30 and the switch node voltagevx, i.e. the voltage at the output of the half bridge inverter.

The controller is thus a control circuit having an outer control loop 64for setting a threshold level for the electrical feedback parameter (thecapacitor voltage) in dependence on the output voltage vo in thisexample and the input voltage and current vm, im, and an inner controlloop 62 for comparing the electrical feedback parameter with thethreshold to derive the gate drive signal.

The outer control loop 64 implements output control as well asimplementing PFC, and the inner control loop 62 derives the switchingcontrol signal.

FIG. 7 shows the controller 62 in more detail. The measured capacitorvoltage vC is compared with the reference vC_ref by comparator 70, andthe comparison result is used to reset a flip flop 72 which generatesthe output for the gate driver 60. A delay element 74 provides a delayedset pulse so that the reset operation has a fixed duration (which is afunction of the clocking speed of the flip flop).

This feedback system comprises a high frequency control loop implementedby the inner control loop 62.

The outer low frequency controller 64 receives the mains voltage vm, theactual mains current im and output voltage vo and its set point vo_refand processes, in accordance with the power factor needs, themanipulating value of vC_ref for the switching unit.

In this example, there is only one threshold value (vC_ref) that iscompared to a state variable (here vC). If the state variable exceedsthe threshold, the flip-flop 72 in the controller 62 is reset and theinverter is switched off via the gate driver, i.e., the switch nodevoltage is set to its minimum value.

The inverter is switched on again a certain time after the switch offevent. This time adapted to result in a symmetric operation i.e., at aduty cycle of the switch node of 0.5.

The capacitor voltage is one example of state variable which is used asa control input for the control of the inverter switching. Analternative state variable is the transformer voltage. The scheme issimilar but signs have to be changed. For example, if a threshold isexceeded the flip flop 72 in the controller 62 has to be switched on.

In another scheme, there are two thresholds. The inverter is switchedoff (on) once the state variable exceeds a first upper threshold and theinverter is switched on (off) if the state variable passes a secondthreshold. Here, the second threshold is a function of the firstthreshold and the input voltage.

In this way, the control circuit is adapted to set a first threshold ofthe electrical feedback parameter for turning on the gate drive signaland a second threshold of the electrical feedback parameter for turningoff the gate drive signal.

These thresholds are shown in FIG. 20 and discussed further below. Onethreshold is between the mid-value of the signal vC and the peak valueand the other is between the mid-value of the signal vC and the valleyvalue.

The two threshold values are symmetric with respect to the average valueof the signal (vC in this example). The first (upper) threshold is acertain value above the average, and the second (lower) threshold is thesame value below the average.

Thus, in one implementation, there is only one threshold. In anotherimplementation, the inverter is switched off (on) once the statevariable exceeds a first upper threshold and the inverter is switched on(off) when the state variable passes a second threshold. The outercontrol loop can either control the output voltage or the output currentwith respect to a given set point. For example, for a PFC pre-regulator,the output voltage will be controlled whereas for a single stage driverthe output current may be controlled.

Instead of using a transformer as isolation means as shown in FIG. 6,isolating capacitors may be used as well. For example, by using an extraisolating (e.g. DC blocking) capacitor between the inverter switch nodeand the transformer, and another between the other primary side windingterminal and the midpoint of the resonant capacitors.

Alternatively, in order to save components, the resonant capacitors canalso be designed for isolating from the mains voltage (y-capacitors).Here the above mentioned state variable (vC) cannot be accessed directlyany longer but can be derived by measuring and integrating the currentinto the isolating capacitors.

In any of these configurations, the transformer need not to be isolatingand can be simplified, depending on the end use of the circuit.

A second aspect relates to a Von-Ton (or Voff-Toff) drive scheme. Asexplained above, after a switching event, the switching state isretained for a pre-determined time duration.

This aspect provides a single threshold together with control based onthe duty cycle itself. In this way, the complexity and sensitivity tothreshold variations is reduced.

The duty cycle may be controlled to a defined value that may changedynamically during converter operation.

For certain types of threshold-based switching scheme, the Von-Voffcontrol has previously been used (as described above as case A). In sucha case, two symmetric thresholds are defined for determining the on andoff transitions of the half-bridge. However, the duty cycle is extremelysensitive to the exact positioning of the two thresholds. Moreover, evensmall deviations from 50% of only 1% or 2% can result in strongasymmetries in the output current of 25% or more.

This aspect is based on integrating a constant value while thecontroller is waiting for the voltage threshold to be achieved, and thento integrate another constant (with the opposite sign) in order todefine the on or off time.

In a first embodiment, a controller defines the on-transition of thehalf-bridge in a Voff-Toff control scheme as described above as case C.This is performed via the circuit shown in FIG. 8.

The circuit comprises an integrator comprising amplifier IC 80 having anamplifier 81 used by the circuit, an integrating capacitor 82 (C19) in anegative feedback loop of the amplifier 81, and an input resistor 84(R25). The gate driver signal GS is received as input. A buffer IC 86 isat the output, and each IC has decoupling capacitors 88, 90 (C20, C22).

In order to ensure a 50% duty cycle, the non-inverting input of theamplifier 81 is connected to one-half of the peak value of GS. This isperformed via a peak-detector comprising diode 92 (D16), and capacitor96 (C18), followed by a voltage divider 98 comprised of two resistors100 (R26) and 102 (R27). Resistor 100 (R26) is slightly smaller thanresistor 102 in order to account of the voltage drop across the diode92.

There is also a current limiting resistor 94 (R24) in series with thediode 92 as part of the peak detector, which may be eliminated dependingon the peak current handling capability of the other components in thecircuit.

At the output of the integrator, a MOSFET 102 couples the output toground. The transistor 102 is controlled by the gate driver signal GS,via a gate resistor 104 (R29).

When GS is high, the drain of MOSFET 102 is pulled down, andconsequently the output symout is held at a high level (as a result ofthe inverting buffer 86). When GS transitions to low, this blanking isremoved, and an output capacitor 106 (C21) at the output of theintegrator begins to charge via a charging resistor 108 (R28). Thisvoltage is then divided down by a divider circuit 110 (of two resistors112 (R30) and 114 (R31)). in order to achieve a suitable input voltagerange for the inverter 86. This voltage divider may not be necessarydepending on the voltage range expected on the output of the integrator.

When the capacitor 106 is sufficiently charged, this triggers theinverting buffer 86 and then the output symout becomes low.

The other components are bias elements.

The output of the integrator 80, 82, 84 is depicted in FIG. 9.

The GS signal reflects the on or off state of the half-bridge. When theGS signal is high, the half-bridge is on, the high side switch is on,the integrator input is high, and the integrator output is decreasinglinearly (because of the inverting nature). When the GS signal is low,the half-bridge is off, and the integrator output is increasinglinearly.

In this way, a first constant value is integrated until the electricalfeedback parameter reaches a threshold value, and a first time durationduring which the integration takes place defines the duration of the GShigh signal (which may be an on-time or an off-time of the high sideswitch or the low side switch). A second constant value of opposite signto the first constant value is integrated to define a second timeduration for setting the subsequent off-time or on-time, respectively.This then determines the duration of the GS low signal.

The output signal (“symout”) is usually high, and in this embodiment,the indication that the appropriate time interval has elapsed isprovided by a short, low pulse on the symout node.

In this example of implementation, this symout pulse than signals theend of the GS low signal. The signal “symout” is the set signal for theflip flop 72 which sets the flip flop high, and the threshold crossingresets the flip flop to low.

Thus, the duration of the GS high signal is controlled by thresholdcontrol, and the duration of the subsequent GS low signal is internallycalculated to correspond (if a 50% duty cycle is desired).

Asymmetric duty cycles may also be implemented by changing thevoltage-division factor of the voltage divider 98 with an additionalpull-up or pull-down resistor attached to the non-inverting input of theamplifier 81.

For proper operation, it is important to ensure that the output of theamplifier 81 does not hit its rails for the designed frequency rangethat the control should work within. If the frequency is too low, thelower rail will be hit, and if the frequency is too high, the upper railwill be hit.

The operating range is depicted in FIG. 10 for a certain set ofparameter values.

It shows the output of the gate-symmetry integrator as a function offrequency. The solid black curves are for the valley (plot 120), peak(plot 122) and average (plot 124) of the triangular waveform. Plot 122also corresponds to the effect of delay in the switch-off action. Thedashed lines show various asymptotes to the plots 120 and 122.

At low frequency, the peak of the triangular waveform shown in FIG. 9saturates at:

$V_{{int},{p\; k},{LF}} = {\frac{{V_{ref} \cdot R}\;{28 \cdot C}\;{21 \cdot ( {{R\; 30} + {R\; 31}} )}}{R\;{25 \cdot C}\;{19 \cdot ( {{R\; 30} + {R\; 31} + {R\; 28}} )}} + {V_{t} \cdot \frac{{R\; 30} + {R\; 31} + {R\; 28}}{R\; 31}}}$where Vref is the voltage on the non-inverting input of the amplifier81, and Vt is the threshold voltage that triggers a high-to-lowtransition on the output of the inverter 86. Typically, the terminvolving the threshold voltage dominates this expression.

Note that this expression includes the loading effect of the voltagedivider 110 (due to R30 and R31). Simpler expressions result if thisdivider is not present; however, due to the different supply voltagesfor the amplifier and inverter, this divider may be necessary. Thevoltage divider resistors are chosen such that a voltage across theoutput capacitor 106 that is slightly less than half of the opamp supplywill trigger the inverter.

The time constants associated with resistor 84 (R25) and invertingcapacitor 82 (C19) and with the output filter 108 (R28) and 106 (C21)are then chosen to give the proper bandwidth for the control. Resistor84 and capacitor 82 primarily affect the low-frequency cutoff (where thelower rail of the amplifier is encountered), and resistor 108 andcapacitor 106 primarily affect the high-frequency cutoff (where the highrail of the amplifier is encountered).

The low-frequency cutoff may be approximately computed by solving theequation for the low-frequency asymptote to the plot 120 shown in FIG.10. Explicitly, this is:

${{V_{ref}( {\frac{R\;{28 \cdot C}\;{21 \cdot ( {{R\; 30} + {R\; 31}} )}}{R\;{25 \cdot C}\;{21 \cdot ( {{R\; 30} + {R\; 31} + {R\; 28}} )}} - \frac{t_{off}}{R\;{25 \cdot C}\; 21}} )} + {V_{t} \cdot \frac{{R\; 30} + {R\; 31} + {R\; 28}}{R\; 31}}} = 0$

where t_(off)=(1−D)/f_(sw), D is the desired duty cycle of 0.5 in thiscase, and f_(sw) is a lower bound on the switching frequency. Thehigh-frequency cutoff may be approximately computed by solving theequation for the high-frequency asymptote or by simply plotting theanalytic expression for the peak voltage of the triangular waveformshown in FIG. 9.

If using the asymptote, it is advisable to leave significant headroom asthe accuracy of this expression is limited; nevertheless, it is oftenstill sufficient. The asymptotic equation to solve is:

${{V_{ref} \cdot \frac{t_{off}}{R\;{25 \cdot C}\; 21}} + {V_{t}( {\frac{{R\; 30} + {R\; 31} + {R\; 28}}{{2 \cdot R}\; 31} + \frac{R\;{28 \cdot C}\;{21 \cdot ( {{R\; 30} + {R\; 31}} )}}{{t_{off} \cdot R}\; 31}} )}} = V_{P\; 14V}$

Other embodiments to this aspect will be apparent to those skilled inthe art. For example, symmetry control may be applied to the high or tothe low side switch (or to provide a control signal for full-bridgeswitching), Duty cycles other than 50% may be derived by simple changesto the voltage dividers (98 or 142). There may be other means ofderiving the reference signal applied to the non-inverting input of theopamp apart from the peak detector or voltage divider described above.

The reference signal for the symmetry may also be derived from otherwaveforms in the circuit (other than the GS signal or the switch nodevoltage); for example, from the output current, i.e., by comparing theaverage current through the rectifier diode arrangements 32 and 34, orby assessing the resonant capacitor voltage in terms of comparing itspositive and negative peak to the average value.

A third aspect is directed to the problem that when using thresholddetection in a resonant converter, however, the relevant statevariable(s) (such as the capacitor voltage used in the example above)may continue to rise (or fall) above (or below) the relevant thresholdfor some time after the threshold has been reached.

This aspect relates to an approach by which the relevant state variablemay be “blanked” for some time after the detected threshold crossing inorder to avoid unwanted, false triggering in the detection circuitry.

In order to show this problem, control scheme C (Voff-Toff) isconsidered where the voltage-threshold is based upon the resonantcapacitor voltage, i.e., the voltage across capacitor 26 in FIG. 1(labeled as node C).

Some example waveforms are shown in FIG. 11, in particular the resonantcapacitor voltage V_(C), the output current I_(OUT) through the diodearrangements 32 and 34 in FIG. 1 and the gate drive signals for the highside transistor (plot 150) and for the low side transistor (plot 152).

The line 154 in the top plot indicates the voltage threshold, and thearrow 156 in the bottom plot indicates the time-based threshold.

As may be seen in the top plot, the resonant capacitor voltage continuesto increase for some time after the capacitor threshold voltage, andthis issue is addressed in this aspect.

The issue arises in cases where the off-time is sufficiently short suchthat the on-transition of the half-bridge occurs while the resonantcapacitor voltage is still above the threshold. This will lead to animmediate triggering of the off-transition, and is undesired.

Referring to FIG. 11, a method is used whereby the sensed resonantcapacitor voltage V_(C) is “blanked” such that the voltage is onlydetected when the half-bridge is in the appropriate state, and when theslope of the detected voltage has the correct sign (in this case, theslope should be positive). This method also applies to blanking othersensed state variables such as the voltage across the transformer, forexample.

One example is depicted in FIG. 12 for the case of a sensed resonantcapacitor voltage V_(C) (at node C) in the Voff-Toff control scheme.P14V is a local supply voltage which is used to power the controlcircuitry. This local supply is typically in the 3-25V range.

The resonant capacitor voltage is input to the circuitry at node “C”.Since this voltage can be rather high in a resonant converter (hundredsor even thousands of volts), this voltage is divided down by voltagedivider 160 (R4 and R6) such that the desired threshold voltagecorresponds to a reasonable voltage level detected on the “cs” node.This node is the positive input of a comparator 162 with its negativeinput fed by the set point “Th” for the threshold. Thus, it is theprocessed voltage vC which is used for comparison with the thresholdvoltage. By blanking the voltage at node cs, the threshold comparisonproceeds as if vC at the blanking voltage.

When the comparator 162 detects that the threshold has been crossed, itresets the flip flop controlling the half-bridge (for example as shownin FIG. 7).

If desired, a small offset may be added to this signal via resistor 164(R3).

A MOSFET transistor 166 (M1) activates blanking of the “cs” voltage byshorting this node to ground when blanking is activated. In particular,blanking is activated when the half-bridge, in the Voff-Toff controlscheme, is already in the off-state (the signal on “GS” is low i.e.NOT(GS) is high), which is the low side transistor gate voltage) or whenthe slope of the resonant capacitor voltage with respect to time isnegative.

In this embodiment, an “or” function is implemented via diode-logicinvolving diodes D2, D3 and the pull-down resistor R8.

R5 and R7 are simply used for current limiting through the diodes andmay be omitted if the circuitry can handle the resultant current.

The slope detection in this circuit is implemented via a slop detectioncircuit 168. When the slope is positive, there is a current through acapacitor 170 (C1) and diode 172 (D1), and the transistor 174 is in theoff-state. A pull down resistor 176 (R2) pulls down the anode of thediode D2, and then the blanking is determined by the state of thehalf-bridge alone (via “GS”).

If the slope is negative, the current through the capacitor 170 willbias the transistor 174 in the on-state, and pull the anode of diode D2high, which will, in turn, turn on the transistor 166 and pull the node“cs” low.

The circuit operation may be seen in FIG. 13. The top plot shows theresonant capacitor voltage, i.e. V_(C) and the bottom plot shows thesignal on node “cs”.

When the half-bridge is in the off-state, the “cs” signal is blanked. Itis also evident that the resonant capacitor voltage vC continues to risefor some time after the switching action occurs. In addition, theblanking is not removed until the slope of the resonant capacitorvoltage becomes sufficiently positive.

In this way, the signal cs only tracks the actual voltage vC when vC isapproaching the threshold level and from the correct side. For an upperthreshold, the voltage vC is increasing towards the threshold. For alower threshold, the voltage vC is decreasing towards the threshold.Either approach is possible, even though only the example of an upperthreshold is given. Because the upper threshold is for turning off thehigh side switch, it is only need when the high side switch is on.

Due to delays in the circuitry, the slope detection circuitry (via 170and 174) may result in blanking occurring just a little bit later thanreally desired (as may be seen in FIG. 13). For this reason, a resistor178 (R1) may also be added in order to shift the threshold for the“zero” slope detection to a new value of (VP14V±Vdio)/R1, where Vdio isthe forward diode drop in diode 172 (which is assumed to be equal to thedrop across the base-emitter junction of transistor 174), and the plusor minus signs correspond to the low-to-high and high-to-low transitionsin the voltage across resistor 176. Resistor 178 causes the voltageacross resistor 176 to make the low-to-high transition a bit early, andthe high-to-low transition a bit late. Only the former transition is ofkey importance for this circuit.

This approach thus makes use of a detecting circuit 168 for detecting aslope of the electrical feedback parameter and a circuit 166 fordisabling the electrical feedback parameter vC in dependence on theslope of the electrical feedback parameter and the level of the gatedrive signal GS.

Other embodiments may be similarly derived using other types of logicgates in order to implement the equivalent of this “or” function.

An alternative embodiment uses a buffer in order to derive theslope-detection signal as shown in FIG. 14.

The same components are given the same references as in FIG. 12. Adifferent slope detection circuit 168′ is shown.

With a positive slope on node “C” at voltage vC, the current conductsthrough capacitor 170 and diode 172 as in the circuit of FIG. 12. Thispulls the input of an inverter 180 (A1) high. This makes the output ofthe inverter 180 low, and then the blanking is determined by the stateof the half-bridge alone (via “GS”).

With a negative slope, the current conducts through capacitor 170 and adiode 182 (D4), pulling the input of inverter 180 low, and the outputhigh. This results in transistor 166 turning on, and the node “cs” ispulled low. In this case, a resistor 184 (R7) is used to pull up theinverter input in the event of no or low current as the defaultcondition.

Other embodiments are also possible by considering similar variationscorresponding to the Von-Voff and Von-Ton control schemes, variations inthe slope detection circuitry, variations in the logic function to drivethe gate of transistor 166, variations in the use of NMOS or PMOSMOSFETs, variations in the use of PNP or NPN bipolar transistors, and soon.

A fourth aspect relates to rendering a high power factor of a resonantPFC LLC circuit without sensing and feeding back the mains inputcurrent. It is of particular interest for use of the circuit as apre-regulating front end, although it can again be employed in a singlestage driver.

Mains input current sensing is associated with extra circuit effort andthus with extra costs and PCB area. Typically a shunt resistor is usedfor the current measurement which results in power losses.

Unlike a boost converter (or other buck-derived converters) a resonantLLC converter does not offer an operation like the constant on-time modeto achieve an acceptable power factor without employing a mains currentmeasurement.

Therefore, a control scheme for the LLC power factor pre-regulator isdesired that does not require measuring the input current and stillenables a power factor that satisfies e.g. the mains harmonicregulations of EN 61000-3-2.

The required behavior of a front end power stage, namely to render a(virtually) resistive input impedance i.e., an operation scheme thatresults in the mains input current being proportional to the mains inputvoltage, is achieved in this aspect by controlling, in place of theactual mains input current (i_mains), the voltage of the resonantcapacitor at the inverter switching instant (vC_off and/or vC_on) to beproportional to the (rectified) mains input voltage (vm).

When an LLC circuit operates at widely varying input voltages, e.g. atthe rectified mains voltage, the converter (if designed correspondingly)shows an input current that is essentially proportional to the resonantcapacitor voltage at the inverter switching instants vC_off or vC_on.

Thus, instead of explicitly controlling (and therefore measuring) themains current, the voltage vC_off (or vC_on) is controlled (andmeasured) instead. The advantage is that a voltage measurement takesless circuit effort and is virtually loss-less.

Non-ideal components of the input current waveform can be furthercompensated, to approach a unity power factor over a wide input voltageand load range.

FIG. 15 shows the LLC power converter connected to the rectified mans,and designed to deliver a high power factor. Unlike in the examplesdescribed above, the mains current (im) is no longer measured and fedback.

FIG. 15 corresponds to FIG. 6, and the same reference numbers are used.Compared to FIG. 6, there is a different high frequency inner controlloop 62′ and a different output control loop 64′.

The outer control loop 64′ again processes a difference between adesired output voltage vo_ref and a measured output voltage vo, but itdoes not receive a measure of the input current.

Only the output voltage (or current) is controlled explicitly in theouter control loop 64′, whereas in the inner control the mains current(im) is implicitly controlled, i.e. by controlling the capacitorswitching voltage vC_off (or vC_on) to follow the reference vC_ref thatis generated by the outer control loop 64′ and that is proportional tothe rectified mains voltage (vm) and to the control error (Δvo).

FIG. 16 shows the structure of a first PFC control that uses the LLCconverter in a known manner, namely using the frequency as themanipulating variable and feeding back the mains current.

The output voltage error Δvo is integrated in integrator 190 andmultiplied by the prevailing rectified mains voltage vm in multiplier192 to derive the reference mains current im_ref.

At unity power factor, the instantaneous mains current is:im=vm*vm/Rac.

In the above relation, vm is the instantaneous mains voltage and Rac isthe equivalent mains resistance that depends on the load and the mainsrms value Vac (e.g. Vac=240 Vrms). The mains resistance can be writtenasRac=Vac*Vac/Pac.

In the above relation, Pac is the rms value of the power taken by theconverter. The mains current can thus be expressed by:im=vm*Pac/(Vac*Vac)

The integrated control error is representative for the termPac/(Vac*Vac), which is generated by the outer control loop. The productof that term with vm represents the instantaneous reference value forthe mains current (im).

In a digital implementation using e.g. a micro control unit, theseparameters are represented by register values whereas voltages are mostconvenient in an analog PF control.

The reference mains current is provided to a frequency control unit 194which integrates a current error using integrator 196 to providefrequency control of a voltage controlled oscillator 198.

FIG. 17 shows an approach relating to this aspect which also usesfrequency control but controls the resonant capacitor switching (orthreshold) voltage to be proportional to the mains voltage (vm). Thisapproach also implements an average threshold control, as explainedbelow in a fifth aspect.

The output voltage error Δvo is integrated in integrator 200 andmultiplied by the current mains voltage vm in multiplier 192 202 toderive a reference capacitor voltage vC_ref. Thus, the feedback systemuses the capacitor voltage as the feedback parameter.

The reference capacitor voltage is provided to a frequency control unit204 which integrates an error signal using integrator 206 to providefrequency control of a voltage controlled oscillator 208. The errorsignal is representative, but not a measure of, a current error. Thefeedback loop comprises a sample and hold unit 209 for sampling thecapacitor voltage at the switching instants. There may be one or twosampled value of vC per cycle.

This approach avoids the need for mains current measurement but stilluses frequency control.

FIG. 18 shows a control implementation which also feeds back the mainsinput current. The control however makes use of the self-oscillatingswitching approach described above, in which the parameter whichdetermines the control is the capacitor voltage.

It can be seen that this control approach makes use of a singlethreshold control value. The control may thus be implemented asexplained with reference to FIG. 7, and it may use the timing approachexplained with reference to FIGS. 8 to 10.

The first stage 190, 192 is as in FIG. 16, and the difference current isagain integrated in unit 196. However the output is a referencecapacitor voltage vC_ref, which is then compared with the capacitorvoltage vC by comparator 210. This then controls a set and reset flipflop (as described above with reference to FIG. 7), instead ofcontrolling an oscillator.

In FIG. 19 an approach is shown that combines the use of the capacitorvoltage as the reference signal vC_ref instead of having input currentmeasurement. This provides an even simpler circuit.

FIG. 20 shows the capacitor voltage vC and the threshold (or switching)voltages vC_on and vC_off, i.e. the voltage vC at the inverter switchinginstant.

The time at which the capacitor voltage is sampled is the two switchinginstants of the node X, as shown in FIG. 20.

For a high power factor, the PFC circuit has to emulate a constantAC-resistance (Rac0) that only depends on the mains voltage amplitude(Vm_pk) and the load (Po) divided by the power efficiency (η)) of theconverter:Rac0=Vm_pk ²/(2Po/η)=const.

When operating the LLC in as described above, the actual AC-resistancecan be expressed as:Rac=1/(fsCs(2vC_off/vm−1)),

This is a function of the switching frequency (fs), the resonantcapacitor Cs, its voltage at the switching instant (vC_off) and theinstantaneous rectified mains voltage (vm). The control keeps the ratioof vC_off and vm constant. For a given converter design, this ratio onlydepends on the load. In the course of a mains cycle, however, thefrequency varies, which principally results in a non-uniform powerfactor and which depends on the converter design and its operation interms of the mains voltage amplitude and the load.

FIGS. 21 to 23 show on the left the mains current waveforms of a designresulting from the control of FIG. 17 or 19 (with the control of vC) forvarious input voltages. FIG. 21 is for 108 V(AC), FIG. 22 is for 230V(AC) and FIG. 23 is for 305 V(AC).

The solid line in the left images is the mains current as resulting fromthe control according to the invention. The dashed line is the rectifiedmains current for unity power factor (i.e. a perfect, rectified sine).

The right graph in each case shows that the set point for the resonantcapacitor voltage (vC_ref, y-axis) at which switching of the invertersswitches is triggered is adapted to be proportional to the mains voltage(vm, x-axis).

The corresponding total harmonic distortions (THDs) are 2.5%, 10.5% and19.3%.

A fifth aspect builds upon the approach above of FIGS. 15 to 20 (withoutmains current sensing), to render a higher power factor of the resonantPFC LLC. This provides a further improvement of the power factor inorder to overcome the non-unity power factor resulting from the abovedescribed approach (i.e. using the resonant capacitor switching voltagein place of (or to represent) the mains current. The approach is basedon compensating for the errors that depend on the instantaneous mainsvoltage, the peak mains voltage and on the load (Po).

FIG. 24 shows a modification to the control scheme of FIG. 19, in whichafter the reference capacitor voltage vC_ref is obtained, a correctionis applied as shown by block 270 before the comparison step in block 70.The correction is thus inserted into the capacitor reference path.

FIG. 25 shows a modification to the control scheme of FIG. 19 in whichbefore the reference capacitor voltage vC_ref is obtained by themultiplier 192, a correction is applied to the measured mains voltage vmas shown by block 280. The correction is thus inserted into the mainsvoltage measurement path.

FIG. 26 shows an alternative modification to the control scheme of FIG.19, in which the measured capacitor voltage vC is subjected to acorrection in block 290, depending on the measured mains voltage vm,before the corrected capacitor voltage vC_cor is compared with thereference vC_ref in the comparator 70. The correction is thus insertedinto the capacitor voltage feedback path.

FIGS. 27 and 28 show on the left the mains current waveforms of a designresulting from the control of FIG. 17 or 19 as modified using thecorrection approach described above. FIG. 27 is for 230 V(AC) and FIG.28 is for 305 V(AC).

The right graphs in FIGS. 27 and 28 show the modifications implementedby the correction functions.

They show that the set point for the resonant capacitor voltage (vC_ref,y-axis) at which switching of the inverters switches is triggered is nolonger proportional to the mains voltage (vm, x-axis). The effect of thecorrection is to slightly increase the gain (i.e. the slop of the curveshown) d(vC_ref)/d(vm) at lower and medium mains voltages with anamplitude that increases with the mains voltage amplitude (vC_pk). Thegain decreases for higher mains voltages so that the reference set pointis the same at the maximum mains voltage. Thus, the proportional line isbowed towards a higher reference voltage vC_ref.

The resulting harmonic distortion of the mains current can be reduced tobelow 4%. The total harmonic distortions (THDs) are 2.5% and 3.5% forFIGS. 27 and 28 respectively.

A sixth aspect provides a further alternative switching controlapproach.

A self-oscillating, switching threshold control for the LLC-PFC has beendescribed above to overcome problems that the conventional frequencycontrol (whereby the switching frequency is the manipulating value) ofthe LLC as DC/DC converter turns out to be impractical in the case ofthe LLC-PFC circuit, namely as an AC/DC converter. Approaches describedabove make use of a switching threshold (for example of the resonantcapacitor voltage) in order to control the mains current withoutmeasuring it.

It is known that a self-oscillating control scheme can be applied tosymmetrically and asymmetrically operate resonant DC/DC converters (U.S.Pat. No. 8,729,830B2). It is also known that the capacitor voltage canbe used as a feedback signal to improve the frequency control of asymmetrically operating, resonant LLC or LCC converter, for balancingthe output current (U.S. Pat. No. 6,711,034B2), and for compensating thegain variation at high-load operation (US2007/0171679A1).

This sixth aspect addresses stability issues related to the control ofthe AC/DC power conversion with a resonant LLC converter and provides analternative to the self-oscillating threshold control scheme describedabove.

This aspect relates to the general architecture shown in FIG. 6 or FIG.15 described above, which shows the LLC converter used as an AC/DCconverter. The output voltage (vo) is controlled in an outer controlloop, or alternatively, the output current. The input current iscontrolled to implement power factor correction.

FIG. 29 shows an implementation in schematic form. It is shown as amodification to the approach of FIG. 16 and the same components as inFIG. 16 are given the same reference numbers. In this example, the inputcurrent im is used as a controlled variable (as in FIG. 6), which isthen used to derive the vC_ref signal (in the manner explained withreference to FIG. 18). The threshold voltage vC_off (shown in FIG. 20)is explicitly controlled, but this is not performed in a cycle-bycycle-manner but averaged in time. Thus, there is average thresholdcontrol as shown by unit 320.

The average threshold control unit 320 receives the reference thresholdvalue (vC_ref) and the measured value vC and generates the gate drivesignal GS.

FIG. 30 shows an implementation which does not use input currentmeasurement and therefore suitable for the circuit of FIG. 16. Theoutput signal GS is generated by a local oscillator 198. Thisimplementation for PFC uses the simplified mains current control (ofFIG. 19) and additionally uses an oscillator.

The system can be implemented using standard power factor controllerICs.

The phases of the VCO output signal (i.e. the signal GS provided to thegate driver 60) are compared with the resonant capacitor voltage vC bymeans of a phase detector 322.

FIG. 31 shows a possible set-up of the phase detector 322 in moredetail.

The multiplier 192 of the outer control loop of the PFC control outputsthe reference signal vC_ref proportional to the integrated outputvoltage error and to the mains voltage vm. The capacitor voltage vC iscompared with the reference vC_ref (which in this example is vC_off) bycomparator 330, which generates the reset signal for a flip-flop 332. Ifthe resonant capacitor voltage vC exceeds the reference, the flip flop332 is reset, and it is set again at the next rising edge of the VCOoutput GS.

The resulting phase error signal (DH or DL) is integrated by integrator196 to create the error signal which controls the VCO.

In these examples, the control circuit comprises an outer control loop190, 192 for setting a threshold level in dependence on the outputvoltage or current and the input voltage, and an inner control loopcomprising an oscillator 198 for generating the gate drive signal,wherein the oscillator frequency is controlled by the inner control loopin dependence on the threshold level vC_ref and on the electricalfeedback parameter vC. This provides an average threshold controlscheme. It overcomes stability issues of direct or cycle-by-cyclethreshold schemes, but maintains the advantages of threshold control interms of relaxing the gain ratio problem associated with the frequencycontrol.

FIG. 32 shows signals of the phase detector for an implementationexample in case of a transient resulting in an (initially) too lowfrequency of the VCO.

FIG. 33 shows signals of the phase detector for an implementationexample in case of a transient resulting in an (initially) too highfrequency of the VCO.

In FIG. 32, a too high frequency of the VCO can be a result of atransient event like a load step or during start up. The thresholdvC_ref causes resetting of the flip-flop 332 whereas it is set by theVCO output signal GS. This signal always has a constant duty cycle (here50%). Now, the case is detected when the output of the flip-flop 332(Q_FF) is low and GS is (still) high. This detection signal (DH) is usedto forms the VCO input voltage and thus results in an increasedfrequency, which at the second event of FIG. 32 already has led to areduced phase error, and which vanished at the third event.

FIG. 33 shows the inverted case of an initially too high frequency,which is sensed in corresponding manner in terms of a signal DL thatcauses the VCO input voltage to decrease.

These waveforms are simply for illustration. The output signal of thelow side gate driver for example can also be used (e.g. in the absenceof signal GS), which is inverted with respect to GS. Also other means toform the phase error than the implied logic gates can also result in thedesired VCO control voltage. Further possible is a completely digitalimplementation using a micro controller unit.

The phase detector 322 can be configured to result in the half-bridgeswitching action before, at, or after the actual threshold crossing forexample by a slight offset to the error integrator in order to cope withdelays and to achieve the desired control performance.

The VCO can further be manipulated in order to run asymmetrically, i.e.,at a duty cycle below or above 50%.

FIGS. 34 and 35 show waveforms which form high voltage and part loadoperation (305 V(AC) at 20% of the rated load) of a converter that isdesigned to handle 108V (AC) to 305V (AV). FIG. 34 shows waveformswithout duty-cycle modification resulting in a switching frequency of312 kHz. FIG. 35 correspond to the same operation point but at aduty-cycle of 10% instead of 50% and result in a reduced switchingfrequency of 125 kHz.

A seventh aspect relates to stability issues.

When using the threshold detection schemes described above in a resonantconverter, the relevant state variable(s) (vC in the main examples) mayfail to achieve the desired threshold, and hence the converter may stoposcillating. This may occur at an initial startup or during operation,e.g., in connection with mains dips, load steps or during light loadoperation.

This aspect relates to a method whereby the threshold for the statevariable is reset to a low value if a sufficiently long time elapseswithout any switching action in the inverter half-bridge.

For this purpose, during startup or if the state variable does not reachthe desired threshold for some reason, a timeout condition is triggeredwhich immediately lowers the threshold to zero so that switching maybegin again.

An example of one embodiment of such a timeout circuit is shown in FIG.36. The state of the half-bridge is indicated by the gate drive signalGS. As in the examples above, GS is high if the half-bridge is high, andis low otherwise. The control is for example based on an integration ofthe error in the output voltage which the controller is trying toregulate, shown as “OUT” in FIG. 36.

In the examples above, this signal is the output voltage (or current).However, this timeout aspect is more general, and hence the signal usedas the control parameter is generally termed “OUT” in FIG. 36, and thereference (which is vo_ref in FIG. 6 for example) is generally termed“Vref” in FIG. 36.

The circuit comprises an integrator 390 (formed of input resistor 392(R37), integrating capacitor 394 (C4) and amplifier 396). The outputintegrated comparison signal “COMP”, or some function of the signal“COMP”, defines the desired threshold value.

The threshold is generated by the product of the signal COMP and theinstantaneous, rectified mains voltage (vm). COMP is the signal at theoutput of the integrator block for example as shown in FIG. 16 as unit190.

The oscillation is restarted if too much time has elapsed since the lastpositive edge on the signal GS. For the restart, the target value of thethreshold is reset (i.e., set to zero) in order to ensure a subsequentthreshold crossing and thus re-initiating the oscillation. Inparticular, this aspect provides a timeout circuit for overriding thethreshold if switching of the gate drive signal fails thereby to providea restart signal for restarting switching of the gate drive signal.

In this example, the restart is implemented by shorting out the feedbackcapacitor 394. This is achieved via a MOSFET 398 which discharges thecapacitor through a resistor 400 in order to keep current limited toreasonable values. In practice, the resistor 400 may be omitted if theother components are able to handle the resultant current.

The rising edges on the signal GD are detected via a detection circuit402 (C23, D17, and D18). Each rising edge serves to charge a capacitor404 (C25) by a small amount. In addition, there is a slow discharge viaa discharge resistor 406 (R32) and in normal operation via the base oftransistor 408 through the base resistor (R33).

In normal operation, the charging action exceeds the discharging action,and the voltage across the capacitor 404 is enough to maintaintransistor 408 in the on-state. In turn, this keeps the transistor 398in the off-state. If too much time elapses between rising edges on thesignal GD, eventually the capacitor 404 will discharge to the point atwhich the transistor 408 finally turns off. This will pull the gate oftransistor 398 up via pull up resistor 410 (R34), and capacitor 394 willbe discharged. The voltage threshold for the capacitor voltage thenreduces to near-zero, so the converter will begin operation once again.

The capacitor 412 (C24) provides a reset each time the supply, P14V, isramped up.

Other embodiments may be realized by detecting negative edges on thesignal “GD”, detecting both edges on “GD” or using a more complicatedfeedback network between the inverting input of the amplifier 396 andthe output signal “COMP” but where the integration part is still shortedout at timeout.

The restart may be adapted to occur recurrently in the case of a lightload or standby operation. In these cases, there will be expected timesat which the oscillation will stop, and then the timeout will provide ameans to enter a type of burst mode operation, i.e., the energy isdelivered during the first switching periods after the restart untileventually a threshold is missed, and then oscillation will only beginagain once the timeout is triggered (due to sufficiently re-charging thebuffer). In this mode, the time constant of the timeout determines thebursting frequency.

Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood andeffected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimedinvention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and theappended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not excludeother elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does notexclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited inmutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combinationof these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs inthe claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An AC/DC PFC converter, comprising: an ACinput; a rectifier; a half bridge inverter comprising a first switch anda second switch, wherein a first output is defined from a node betweenthe switches; a self-oscillating resonant circuit coupled to the firstoutput and having a second output for providing a converter outputvoltage or current and wherein the self-oscillating resonant circuit isarranged for providing an electrical feedback parameter; and aself-oscillating control circuit for generating a gate drive signal forcontrolling the switching of the first switch and second switch independence on the electrical feedback parameter in order to control theconverter output voltage or current, wherein a high gate drive signalturns on one switch and turns off the other switch and a low gate drivesignal turns off the one switch and turns on the other switch, whereinthe control circuit comprises: an input for receiving a threshold valuefor the electrical feedback parameter; an output circuit for generatingthe gate drive signal based on a comparison of the electrical feedbackparameter with the threshold in a first mode; and a timeout circuitarranged to provide a restart signal for restarting switching of thegate drive in a second mode wherein the electrical feedback parameterfails to achieve the desired threshold.
 2. The converter as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the electrical feedback parameter is a state variable.3. The converter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the self-oscillatingresonant circuit comprises an LLC circuit.
 4. The converter as claimedin claim 3, wherein the electrical feedback parameter is provided by theLLC circuit.
 5. The converter as claimed in claim 4, wherein theelectrical feedback parameter comprises a voltage across a capacitor ofthe LLC circuit.
 6. The converter as claimed in claim 1, wherein thecontrol circuit comprises an integrator, for integrating an error in thedesired converter output voltage or current to derive a comparisonsignal.
 7. The converter as claimed in claim 6, wherein the integratorcomprises an amplifier with a capacitor in a negative feedback path, andthe timeout circuit comprises a switch for shorting the capacitor. 8.The converter as claimed in claim 7, wherein the timeout circuitcomprises a detector for detecting transitions in the gate drive signaland for closing the switch in the absence of transitions in the gatedrive signal.
 9. The converter as claimed in claim 1, wherein therestart signal is provided repeatedly during light load operation orstandby such that the converter is operated in a burst mode.
 10. AnAC/DC PFC conversion method, comprising: rectifying an AC input;operating a half bridge inverter comprising a first switch and a secondswitch using a gate drive signal and providing an output from a nodebetween the switches, wherein a high gate drive signal turns on oneswitch and turns off the other and a low gate drive signal turns off theone switch and turns on the other switch; providing an electricalfeedback parameter from a self-oscillating resonant circuit coupled tothe output; and controlling the switching of the first switch and thesecond switch by: receiving a threshold value for the electricalfeedback parameter; generating the gate drive signal based on acomparison of the electrical feedback parameter with the threshold; andproviding a restart signal for restarting switching of the gate drivesignal if a sufficiently long time since the last switching of the gatedrive signal has elapsed.
 11. The method as claimed in claim 10, whereinthe self-oscillating resonant circuit comprises an LLC circuit andmethod comprises providing the electrical feedback parameter by the LLCcircuit.
 12. The method as claimed in claim 10, comprising integratingan error in the desired converter output voltage or current to derive acomparison signal and wherein overriding the threshold comprisesshorting the capacitor.
 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, whereinoverriding the threshold comprises detecting transitions in the gatedrive signal and closing the switch in the absence of transitions in thegate drive signal.
 14. The method as claimed in claim 10, comprisingproviding the restart signal repeatedly during light load operation. 15.An LED driving method comprising providing AC/DC PFC conversion usingthe method of claim 10, and driving an LED load using the converted DCvoltage.